[PATCH -next v9 0/3] rust: Add CList and GPU buddy allocator bindings

[PATCH -next v9 0/3] rust: Add CList and GPU buddy allocator bindings

[Joel Fernandes]

This series provides CList module for interfacing with linked lists, GPU buddy
allocator bindings for physical memory management in nova-core and nova-core
Kconfig change to select GPU_BUDDY.

The clist patch (patch 1) is independent and go through any tree. The other 2
patches depend on the DRM buddy code movement patch as a prerequisite, a
version of which is now in drm-misc-next:
https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260206003451.1914130-1-joelagnelf@nvidia.com/

Based on linux-next.

The git tree with all patches can be found at:
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jfern/linux.git (tag: clist-gpu-buddy-v9-20260210)

Link to v8: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260209214246.2783990-1-joelagnelf@nvidia.com/
Link to v7: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260206004110.1914814-1-joelagnelf@nvidia.com/

Joel Fernandes (3):
  rust: clist: Add support to interface with C linked lists
  rust: gpu: Add GPU buddy allocator bindings
  nova-core: mm: Select GPU_BUDDY for VRAM allocation

 MAINTAINERS                     |   7 +
 drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig   |   3 +-
 rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h |  11 +
 rust/helpers/gpu.c              |  23 ++
 rust/helpers/helpers.c          |   2 +
 rust/helpers/list.c             |  17 +
 rust/kernel/clist.rs            | 320 +++++++++++++++++++
 rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs        | 537 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs          |   5 +
 rust/kernel/lib.rs              |   3 +
 10 files changed, 927 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/gpu.c
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/list.c
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/clist.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs


base-commit: fd9678829d6dd0c10fde080b536abf4b1121c346
prerequisite-patch-id: 51e9eb2490026debebe75b8a0a9ce0c3991cd580
-- 
2.34.1

[PATCH -next v9 1/3] rust: clist: Add support to interface with C linked lists

[Joel Fernandes]

Add a new module `clist` for working with C's doubly circular linked
lists. Provide low-level iteration over list nodes.

Typed iteration over actual items is provided with a `clist_create`
macro to assist in creation of the `CList` type.

Reviewed-by: Daniel Almeida <daniel.almeida@collabora.com>
Acked-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@nvidia.com>
---
 MAINTAINERS            |   7 +
 rust/helpers/helpers.c |   1 +
 rust/helpers/list.c    |  17 +++
 rust/kernel/clist.rs   | 320 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 rust/kernel/lib.rs     |   1 +
 5 files changed, 346 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/list.c
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/clist.rs

diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS
index 7cfb766112cd..b0050b478dc9 100644
--- a/MAINTAINERS
+++ b/MAINTAINERS
@@ -23205,6 +23205,13 @@ S:	Maintained
 T:	git https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux.git rust-analyzer-next
 F:	scripts/generate_rust_analyzer.py
 
+RUST TO C LIST INTERFACES
+M:	Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@nvidia.com>
+M:	Alexandre Courbot <acourbot@nvidia.com>
+L:	rust-for-linux@vger.kernel.org
+S:	Maintained
+F:	rust/kernel/clist.rs
+
 RXRPC SOCKETS (AF_RXRPC)
 M:	David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
 M:	Marc Dionne <marc.dionne@auristor.com>
diff --git a/rust/helpers/helpers.c b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
index a3c42e51f00a..724fcb8240ac 100644
--- a/rust/helpers/helpers.c
+++ b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "io.c"
 #include "jump_label.c"
 #include "kunit.c"
+#include "list.c"
 #include "maple_tree.c"
 #include "mm.c"
 #include "mutex.c"
diff --git a/rust/helpers/list.c b/rust/helpers/list.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4c1f9c111ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/helpers/list.c
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+/*
+ * Helpers for C Circular doubly linked list implementation.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/list.h>
+
+__rust_helper void rust_helper_INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list)
+{
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(list);
+}
+
+__rust_helper void rust_helper_list_add_tail(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)
+{
+	list_add_tail(new, head);
+}
diff --git a/rust/kernel/clist.rs b/rust/kernel/clist.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8aa72b5d54be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/kernel/clist.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! A C doubly circular intrusive linked list interface for rust code.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use kernel::{
+//!     bindings,
+//!     clist_create,
+//!     types::Opaque, //
+//! };
+//! # // Create test list with values (0, 10, 20) - normally done by C code but it is
+//! # // emulated here for doctests using the C bindings.
+//! # use core::mem::MaybeUninit;
+//! #
+//! # /// C struct with embedded `list_head` (typically will be allocated by C code).
+//! # #[repr(C)]
+//! # pub struct SampleItemC {
+//! #     pub value: i32,
+//! #     pub link: bindings::list_head,
+//! # }
+//! #
+//! # let mut head = MaybeUninit::<bindings::list_head>::uninit();
+//! #
+//! # let head = head.as_mut_ptr();
+//! # // SAFETY: head and all the items are test objects allocated in this scope.
+//! # unsafe { bindings::INIT_LIST_HEAD(head) };
+//! #
+//! # let mut items = [
+//! #     MaybeUninit::<SampleItemC>::uninit(),
+//! #     MaybeUninit::<SampleItemC>::uninit(),
+//! #     MaybeUninit::<SampleItemC>::uninit(),
+//! # ];
+//! #
+//! # for (i, item) in items.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+//! #     let ptr = item.as_mut_ptr();
+//! #     // SAFETY: pointers are to allocated test objects with a list_head field.
+//! #     unsafe {
+//! #         (*ptr).value = i as i32 * 10;
+//! #         // &raw mut computes address of link directly as link is uninitialized.
+//! #         bindings::INIT_LIST_HEAD(&raw mut (*ptr).link);
+//! #         bindings::list_add_tail(&mut (*ptr).link, head);
+//! #     }
+//! # }
+//!
+//! // Rust wrapper for the C struct.
+//! // The list item struct in this example is defined in C code as:
+//! //   struct SampleItemC {
+//! //       int value;
+//! //       struct list_head link;
+//! //   };
+//! //
+//! #[repr(transparent)]
+//! pub struct Item(Opaque<SampleItemC>);
+//!
+//! impl Item {
+//!     pub fn value(&self) -> i32 {
+//!         // SAFETY: [`Item`] has same layout as [`SampleItemC`].
+//!         unsafe { (*self.0.get()).value }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! // Create typed [`CList`] from sentinel head.
+//! // SAFETY: head is valid, items are [`SampleItemC`] with embedded `link` field.
+//! let list = unsafe { clist_create!(head, Item, SampleItemC, link) };
+//!
+//! // Iterate directly over typed items.
+//! let mut found_0 = false;
+//! let mut found_10 = false;
+//! let mut found_20 = false;
+//!
+//! for item in list.iter() {
+//!     let val = item.value();
+//!     if val == 0 { found_0 = true; }
+//!     if val == 10 { found_10 = true; }
+//!     if val == 20 { found_20 = true; }
+//! }
+//!
+//! assert!(found_0 && found_10 && found_20);
+//! ```
+
+use core::{
+    iter::FusedIterator,
+    marker::PhantomData, //
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    bindings,
+    types::Opaque, //
+};
+
+use pin_init::{
+    pin_data,
+    pin_init,
+    PinInit //
+};
+
+/// Wraps a `list_head` object for use in intrusive linked lists.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// - [`CListHead`] represents an allocated and valid `list_head` structure.
+#[pin_data]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct CListHead {
+    #[pin]
+    inner: Opaque<bindings::list_head>,
+}
+
+impl CListHead {
+    /// Create a `&CListHead` reference from a raw `list_head` pointer.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - `ptr` must be a valid pointer to an allocated and initialized `list_head` structure.
+    /// - `ptr` must remain valid and unmodified for the lifetime `'a`.
+    /// - The list and all linked `list_head` nodes must not be modified by non-Rust code
+    ///   for the lifetime `'a`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub unsafe fn from_raw<'a>(ptr: *mut bindings::list_head) -> &'a Self {
+        // SAFETY:
+        // - [`CListHead`] has same layout as `list_head`.
+        // - `ptr` is valid and unmodified for 'a per caller guarantees.
+        unsafe { &*ptr.cast() }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the raw `list_head` pointer.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::list_head {
+        self.inner.get()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the next [`CListHead`] in the list.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn next(&self) -> &Self {
+        let raw = self.as_raw();
+        // SAFETY:
+        // - `self.as_raw()` is valid per type invariants.
+        // - The `next` pointer is guaranteed to be non-NULL.
+        unsafe { Self::from_raw((*raw).next) }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if this node is linked in a list (not isolated).
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_linked(&self) -> bool {
+        let raw = self.as_raw();
+        // SAFETY: self.as_raw() is valid per type invariants.
+        unsafe { (*raw).next != raw && (*raw).prev != raw }
+    }
+
+    /// Pin-initializer that initializes the list head.
+    pub fn new() -> impl PinInit<Self> {
+        pin_init!(Self {
+            // SAFETY: `INIT_LIST_HEAD` initializes `slot` to a valid empty list.
+            inner <- Opaque::ffi_init(|slot| unsafe { bindings::INIT_LIST_HEAD(slot) }),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFETY: [`CListHead`] can be sent to any thread.
+unsafe impl Send for CListHead {}
+
+// SAFETY: [`CListHead`] can be shared among threads as it is not modified
+// by non-Rust code per safety requirements of [`CListHead::from_raw`].
+unsafe impl Sync for CListHead {}
+
+impl PartialEq for CListHead {
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        core::ptr::eq(self, other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for CListHead {}
+
+/// Low-level iterator over `list_head` nodes.
+///
+/// An iterator used to iterate over a C intrusive linked list (`list_head`). Caller has to
+/// perform conversion of returned [`CListHead`] to an item (using `container_of` macro or similar).
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// [`CListHeadIter`] is iterating over an allocated, initialized and valid list.
+struct CListHeadIter<'a> {
+    /// Current position in the list.
+    current: &'a CListHead,
+    /// The sentinel head (used to detect end of iteration).
+    sentinel: &'a CListHead,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for CListHeadIter<'a> {
+    type Item = &'a CListHead;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        // Check if we've reached the sentinel (end of list).
+        if self.current == self.sentinel {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let item = self.current;
+        self.current = item.next();
+        Some(item)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> FusedIterator for CListHeadIter<'a> {}
+
+/// A typed C linked list with a sentinel head.
+///
+/// A sentinel head represents the entire linked list and can be used for
+/// iteration over items of type `T`, it is not associated with a specific item.
+///
+/// The const generic `OFFSET` specifies the byte offset of the `list_head` field within
+/// the struct that `T` wraps.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// - The [`CListHead`] is an allocated and valid sentinel C `list_head` structure.
+/// - `OFFSET` is the byte offset of the `list_head` field within the struct that `T` wraps.
+/// - All the list's `list_head` nodes are allocated and have valid next/prev pointers.
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct CList<T, const OFFSET: usize>(CListHead, PhantomData<T>);
+
+impl<T, const OFFSET: usize> CList<T, OFFSET> {
+    /// Create a typed [`CList`] reference from a raw sentinel `list_head` pointer.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - `ptr` must be a valid pointer to an allocated and initialized `list_head` structure
+    ///   representing a list sentinel.
+    /// - `ptr` must remain valid and unmodified for the lifetime `'a`.
+    /// - The list must contain items where the `list_head` field is at byte offset `OFFSET`.
+    /// - `T` must be `#[repr(transparent)]` over the C struct.
+    #[inline]
+    pub unsafe fn from_raw<'a>(ptr: *mut bindings::list_head) -> &'a Self {
+        // SAFETY:
+        // - [`CList`] has same layout as [`CListHead`] due to repr(transparent).
+        // - Caller guarantees `ptr` is a valid, sentinel `list_head` object.
+        unsafe { &*ptr.cast() }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the list is empty.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.0.is_linked()
+    }
+
+    /// Create an iterator over typed items.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> CListIter<'_, T, OFFSET> {
+        let head = &self.0;
+        CListIter {
+            head_iter: CListHeadIter {
+                current: head.next(),
+                sentinel: head,
+            },
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// High-level iterator over typed list items.
+pub struct CListIter<'a, T, const OFFSET: usize> {
+    head_iter: CListHeadIter<'a>,
+    _phantom: PhantomData<&'a T>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, T, const OFFSET: usize> Iterator for CListIter<'a, T, OFFSET> {
+    type Item = &'a T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let head = self.head_iter.next()?;
+
+        // Convert to item using OFFSET.
+        // SAFETY: `item_ptr` calculation from `OFFSET` (calculated using offset_of!)
+        // is valid per invariants.
+        Some(unsafe { &*head.as_raw().byte_sub(OFFSET).cast::<T>() })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T, const OFFSET: usize> FusedIterator for CListIter<'a, T, OFFSET> {}
+
+/// Create a C doubly-circular linked list interface `CList` from a raw `list_head` pointer.
+///
+/// This macro creates a `CList<T, OFFSET>` that can iterate over items of type `$rust_type`
+/// linked via the `$field` field in the underlying C struct `$c_type`.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// - `$head`: Raw pointer to the sentinel `list_head` object (`*mut bindings::list_head`).
+/// - `$rust_type`: Each item's rust wrapper type.
+/// - `$c_type`: Each item's C struct type that contains the embedded `list_head`.
+/// - `$field`: The name of the `list_head` field within the C struct.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This is an unsafe macro. The caller must ensure:
+///
+/// - `$head` is a valid, initialized sentinel `list_head` pointing to a list that remains
+///   unmodified for the lifetime of the rust `CList`.
+/// - The list contains items of type `$c_type` linked via an embedded `$field`.
+/// - `$rust_type` is `#[repr(transparent)]` over `$c_type` or has compatible layout.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Refer to the examples in this module's documentation.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! clist_create {
+    ($head:expr, $rust_type:ty, $c_type:ty, $($field:tt).+) => {{
+        // Compile-time check that field path is a list_head.
+        let _: fn(*const $c_type) -> *const $crate::bindings::list_head =
+            |p| &raw const (*p).$($field).+;
+
+        // Calculate offset and create `CList`.
+        const OFFSET: usize = ::core::mem::offset_of!($c_type, $($field).+);
+        $crate::clist::CList::<$rust_type, OFFSET>::from_raw($head)
+    }};
+}
diff --git a/rust/kernel/lib.rs b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
index 3da92f18f4ee..fe711d34ca1e 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/lib.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@
 pub mod bug;
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod build_assert;
+pub mod clist;
 pub mod clk;
 #[cfg(CONFIG_CONFIGFS_FS)]
 pub mod configfs;
-- 
2.34.1

Re: [PATCH -next v9 1/3] rust: clist: Add support to interface with C linked lists

[Danilo Krummrich]

On Wed Feb 11, 2026 at 12:32 AM CET, Joel Fernandes wrote:
> Add a new module `clist` for working with C's doubly circular linked
> lists. Provide low-level iteration over list nodes.
>
> Typed iteration over actual items is provided with a `clist_create`
> macro to assist in creation of the `CList` type.
>
> Reviewed-by: Daniel Almeida <daniel.almeida@collabora.com>
> Acked-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
> Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@nvidia.com>

I think you forgot to address my comments from [1].

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/DGB75XMWML8M.DFZY5L52EBQF@kernel.org/

Re: [PATCH -next v9 1/3] rust: clist: Add support to interface with C linked lists

[Joel Fernandes]

On 2/11/2026 4:23 AM, Danilo Krummrich wrote:
> On Wed Feb 11, 2026 at 12:32 AM CET, Joel Fernandes wrote:
>> Add a new module `clist` for working with C's doubly circular linked
>> lists. Provide low-level iteration over list nodes.
>>
>> Typed iteration over actual items is provided with a `clist_create`
>> macro to assist in creation of the `CList` type.
>>
>> Reviewed-by: Daniel Almeida <daniel.almeida@collabora.com>
>> Acked-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
>> Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@nvidia.com>
> 
> I think you forgot to address my comments from [1].
> 
> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/DGB75XMWML8M.DFZY5L52EBQF@kernel.org/

Indeed I missed that reply, sorry. Will address them.

Thanks.

--
Joel Fernandes

Claude review: rust: clist: Add support to interface with C linked lists

[Claude Code Review Bot]

Patch Review

> +	pub fn is_linked(&self) -> bool {
> +		let raw = self.as_raw();
> +		// SAFETY: self.as_raw() is valid per type invariants.
> +		unsafe { (*raw).next != raw && (*raw).prev != raw }
> +	}

The kernel's `list_empty()` checks `head->next == head`. An isolated/empty node has both `next` and `prev` pointing to itself after `INIT_LIST_HEAD`. Using `&&` here means a node where only `next` has been corrupted to point elsewhere (but `prev` still points to self) would be considered "linked." This seems unlikely in practice, but it might be worth noting that the kernel's own `list_empty` only checks `next`. For the actual use in this series (`is_empty` on `CList` returns `!is_linked()`), the behavior is functionally equivalent for properly-formed lists, so this is a minor observation.

> +	pub fn next(&self) -> &Self {
> +		let raw = self.as_raw();
> +		// SAFETY:
> +		// - `self.as_raw()` is valid per type invariants.
> +		// - The `next` pointer is guaranteed to be non-NULL.
> +		unsafe { Self::from_raw((*raw).next) }
> +	}

The `next()` method returns `&Self` with the same lifetime as the `from_raw` call. Since `from_raw` binds the lifetime to the caller's choice via `'a`, and `next()` borrows `&self`, the returned reference is correctly constrained to the lifetime of `self`. No issue here.

> +macro_rules! clist_create {
> +    ($head:expr, $rust_type:ty, $c_type:ty, $($field:tt).+) => {{
> +        // Compile-time check that field path is a list_head.
> +        let _: fn(*const $c_type) -> *const $crate::bindings::list_head =
> +            |p| &raw const (*p).$($field).+;
> +
> +        // Calculate offset and create `CList`.
> +        const OFFSET: usize = ::core::mem::offset_of!($c_type, $($field).+);
> +        $crate::clist::CList::<$rust_type, OFFSET>::from_raw($head)
> +    }};
> +}

The macro calls `CList::from_raw($head)` which is an `unsafe` function, but the macro itself is documented as unsafe. The compile-time field type check is a nice touch. However, the type-checking closure `let _: fn(...) -> ...` constructs a function value that is never used - it could arguably be a `const _` or similar, but as-is it works for compile-time verification.

The `CListHeadIter` implements `FusedIterator`, which is correct since after returning `None` (when `current == sentinel`), it will continue to return `None` - `current` is never advanced past the sentinel.

No significant issues found. This is a clean implementation of a read-only C list iteration interface.

---
Generated by Claude Code Patch Reviewer

[PATCH -next v9 2/3] rust: gpu: Add GPU buddy allocator bindings

[Joel Fernandes]

Add safe Rust abstractions over the Linux kernel's GPU buddy
allocator for physical memory management. The GPU buddy allocator
implements a binary buddy system useful for GPU physical memory
allocation. nova-core will use it for physical memory allocation.

Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@nvidia.com>
---
 rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h |  11 +
 rust/helpers/gpu.c              |  23 ++
 rust/helpers/helpers.c          |   1 +
 rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs        | 537 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs          |   5 +
 rust/kernel/lib.rs              |   2 +
 6 files changed, 579 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/gpu.c
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs

diff --git a/rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h b/rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h
index 083cc44aa952..dbb765a9fdbd 100644
--- a/rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h
+++ b/rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <linux/hrtimer_types.h>
 
 #include <linux/acpi.h>
+#include <linux/gpu_buddy.h>
 #include <drm/drm_device.h>
 #include <drm/drm_drv.h>
 #include <drm/drm_file.h>
@@ -146,6 +147,16 @@ const vm_flags_t RUST_CONST_HELPER_VM_MIXEDMAP = VM_MIXEDMAP;
 const vm_flags_t RUST_CONST_HELPER_VM_HUGEPAGE = VM_HUGEPAGE;
 const vm_flags_t RUST_CONST_HELPER_VM_NOHUGEPAGE = VM_NOHUGEPAGE;
 
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_GPU_BUDDY)
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION = GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION = GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION =
+								GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION = GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED = GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE = GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE;
+#endif
+
 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ANDROID_BINDER_IPC_RUST)
 #include "../../drivers/android/binder/rust_binder.h"
 #include "../../drivers/android/binder/rust_binder_events.h"
diff --git a/rust/helpers/gpu.c b/rust/helpers/gpu.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..38b1a4e6bef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/helpers/gpu.c
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+#include <linux/gpu_buddy.h>
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_GPU_BUDDY
+
+__rust_helper u64 rust_helper_gpu_buddy_block_offset(const struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+	return gpu_buddy_block_offset(block);
+}
+
+__rust_helper unsigned int rust_helper_gpu_buddy_block_order(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+	return gpu_buddy_block_order(block);
+}
+
+__rust_helper u64 rust_helper_gpu_buddy_block_size(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
+						   struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+	return gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
+}
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_GPU_BUDDY */
diff --git a/rust/helpers/helpers.c b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
index 724fcb8240ac..a53929ce52a3 100644
--- a/rust/helpers/helpers.c
+++ b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "err.c"
 #include "irq.c"
 #include "fs.c"
+#include "gpu.c"
 #include "io.c"
 #include "jump_label.c"
 #include "kunit.c"
diff --git a/rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs b/rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..102414eba65a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! GPU buddy allocator bindings.
+//!
+//! C header: [`include/linux/gpu_buddy.h`](srctree/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h)
+//!
+//! This module provides Rust abstractions over the Linux kernel's GPU buddy
+//! allocator, which implements a binary buddy memory allocator.
+//!
+//! The buddy allocator manages a contiguous address space and allocates blocks
+//! in power-of-two sizes, useful for GPU physical memory management.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use kernel::{
+//!     gpu::buddy::{BuddyFlags, GpuBuddy, GpuBuddyAllocParams, GpuBuddyParams},
+//!     prelude::*,
+//!     sizes::*, //
+//! };
+//!
+//! // Create a 1GB buddy allocator with 4KB minimum chunk size.
+//! let buddy = GpuBuddy::new(GpuBuddyParams {
+//!     base_offset_bytes: 0,
+//!     physical_memory_size_bytes: SZ_1G as u64,
+//!     chunk_size_bytes: SZ_4K as u64,
+//! })?;
+//!
+//! // Verify initial state.
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.size(), SZ_1G as u64);
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.chunk_size(), SZ_4K as u64);
+//! let initial_free = buddy.free_memory_bytes();
+//!
+//! // Base allocation params - mutated between calls for field overrides.
+//! let mut params = GpuBuddyAllocParams {
+//!     start_range_address: 0,
+//!     end_range_address: 0,   // Entire range.
+//!     size_bytes: SZ_16M as u64,
+//!     min_block_size_bytes: SZ_16M as u64,
+//!     buddy_flags: BuddyFlags::try_new(BuddyFlags::RANGE_ALLOCATION)?,
+//! };
+//!
+//! // Test top-down allocation (allocates from highest addresses).
+//! params.buddy_flags = BuddyFlags::try_new(BuddyFlags::TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION)?;
+//! let topdown = KBox::pin_init(buddy.alloc_blocks(&params), GFP_KERNEL)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - SZ_16M as u64);
+//!
+//! for block in topdown.iter() {
+//!     assert_eq!(block.offset(), (SZ_1G - SZ_16M) as u64);
+//!     assert_eq!(block.order(), 12); // 2^12 pages
+//!     assert_eq!(block.size(), SZ_16M as u64);
+//! }
+//! drop(topdown);
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free);
+//!
+//! // Allocate 16MB - should result in a single 16MB block at offset 0.
+//! params.buddy_flags = BuddyFlags::try_new(BuddyFlags::RANGE_ALLOCATION)?;
+//! let allocated = KBox::pin_init(buddy.alloc_blocks(&params), GFP_KERNEL)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - SZ_16M as u64);
+//!
+//! for block in allocated.iter() {
+//!     assert_eq!(block.offset(), 0);
+//!     assert_eq!(block.order(), 12); // 2^12 pages
+//!     assert_eq!(block.size(), SZ_16M as u64);
+//! }
+//! drop(allocated);
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free);
+//!
+//! // Test non-contiguous allocation with fragmented memory.
+//! // Create fragmentation by allocating 4MB blocks at [0,4M) and [8M,12M).
+//! params.end_range_address = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! params.size_bytes = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! params.min_block_size_bytes = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! let frag1 = KBox::pin_init(buddy.alloc_blocks(&params), GFP_KERNEL)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - SZ_4M as u64);
+//!
+//! params.start_range_address = SZ_8M as u64;
+//! params.end_range_address = (SZ_8M + SZ_4M) as u64;
+//! let frag2 = KBox::pin_init(buddy.alloc_blocks(&params), GFP_KERNEL)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - SZ_8M as u64);
+//!
+//! // Allocate 8MB without CONTIGUOUS - should return 2 blocks from the holes.
+//! params.start_range_address = 0;
+//! params.end_range_address = SZ_16M as u64;
+//! params.size_bytes = SZ_8M as u64;
+//! let fragmented = KBox::pin_init(buddy.alloc_blocks(&params), GFP_KERNEL)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - (SZ_16M) as u64);
+//!
+//! let (mut count, mut total) = (0u32, 0u64);
+//! for block in fragmented.iter() {
+//!     // The 8MB allocation should return 2 blocks, each 4MB.
+//!     assert_eq!(block.size(), SZ_4M as u64);
+//!     total += block.size();
+//!     count += 1;
+//! }
+//! assert_eq!(total, SZ_8M as u64);
+//! assert_eq!(count, 2);
+//! drop(fragmented);
+//! drop(frag2);
+//! drop(frag1);
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free);
+//!
+//! // Test CONTIGUOUS failure when only fragmented space available.
+//! // Create a small buddy allocator with only 16MB of memory.
+//! let small = GpuBuddy::new(GpuBuddyParams {
+//!     base_offset_bytes: 0,
+//!     physical_memory_size_bytes: SZ_16M as u64,
+//!     chunk_size_bytes: SZ_4K as u64,
+//! })?;
+//!
+//! // Allocate 4MB blocks at [0,4M) and [8M,12M) to create fragmented memory.
+//! params.start_range_address = 0;
+//! params.end_range_address = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! params.size_bytes = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! let hole1 = KBox::pin_init(small.alloc_blocks(&params), GFP_KERNEL)?;
+//!
+//! params.start_range_address = SZ_8M as u64;
+//! params.end_range_address = (SZ_8M + SZ_4M) as u64;
+//! let hole2 = KBox::pin_init(small.alloc_blocks(&params), GFP_KERNEL)?;
+//!
+//! // 8MB contiguous should fail - only two non-contiguous 4MB holes exist.
+//! params.start_range_address = 0;
+//! params.end_range_address = 0;
+//! params.size_bytes = SZ_8M as u64;
+//! params.buddy_flags = BuddyFlags::try_new(BuddyFlags::CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION)?;
+//! let result = KBox::pin_init(small.alloc_blocks(&params), GFP_KERNEL);
+//! assert!(result.is_err());
+//! drop(hole2);
+//! drop(hole1);
+//!
+//! # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+//! ```
+
+use crate::{
+    bindings,
+    clist::CListHead,
+    clist_create,
+    error::to_result,
+    new_mutex,
+    prelude::*,
+    sync::{
+        lock::mutex::MutexGuard,
+        Arc,
+        Mutex, //
+    },
+    types::Opaque,
+};
+
+/// Flags for GPU buddy allocator operations.
+///
+/// These flags control the allocation behavior of the buddy allocator.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BuddyFlags(usize);
+
+impl BuddyFlags {
+    /// Range-based allocation from start to end addresses.
+    pub const RANGE_ALLOCATION: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION;
+
+    /// Allocate from top of address space downward.
+    pub const TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION;
+
+    /// Allocate physically contiguous blocks.
+    pub const CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION;
+
+    /// Request allocation from the cleared (zeroed) memory. The zero'ing is not
+    /// done by the allocator, but by the caller before freeing old blocks.
+    pub const CLEAR_ALLOCATION: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION;
+
+    /// Disable trimming of partially used blocks.
+    pub const TRIM_DISABLE: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE;
+
+    /// Mark blocks as cleared (zeroed) when freeing. When set during free,
+    /// indicates that the caller has already zeroed the memory.
+    pub const CLEARED: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED;
+
+    /// Create [`BuddyFlags`] from a raw value with validation.
+    ///
+    /// Use `|` operator to combine flags if needed, before calling this method.
+    pub fn try_new(flags: usize) -> Result<Self> {
+        // Flags must not exceed u32::MAX to satisfy the GPU buddy allocator C API.
+        if flags > u32::MAX as usize {
+            return Err(EINVAL);
+        }
+
+        // `TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION` only works without `RANGE_ALLOCATION`. When both are
+        // set, `TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION` is silently ignored by the allocator. Reject this.
+        if (flags & Self::RANGE_ALLOCATION) != 0 && (flags & Self::TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION) != 0 {
+            return Err(EINVAL);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self(flags))
+    }
+
+    /// Get raw value of the flags.
+    pub(crate) fn as_raw(self) -> usize {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parameters for creating a GPU buddy allocator.
+pub struct GpuBuddyParams {
+    /// Base offset in bytes where the managed memory region starts.
+    /// Allocations will be offset by this value.
+    pub base_offset_bytes: u64,
+    /// Total physical memory size managed by the allocator in bytes.
+    pub physical_memory_size_bytes: u64,
+    /// Minimum allocation unit / chunk size in bytes, must be >= 4KB.
+    pub chunk_size_bytes: u64,
+}
+
+/// Parameters for allocating blocks from a GPU buddy allocator.
+pub struct GpuBuddyAllocParams {
+    /// Start of allocation range in bytes. Use 0 for beginning.
+    pub start_range_address: u64,
+    /// End of allocation range in bytes. Use 0 for entire range.
+    pub end_range_address: u64,
+    /// Total size to allocate in bytes.
+    pub size_bytes: u64,
+    /// Minimum block size for fragmented allocations in bytes.
+    pub min_block_size_bytes: u64,
+    /// Buddy allocator behavior flags.
+    pub buddy_flags: BuddyFlags,
+}
+
+/// Inner structure holding the actual buddy allocator.
+///
+/// # Synchronization
+///
+/// The C `gpu_buddy` API requires synchronization (see `include/linux/gpu_buddy.h`).
+/// The internal [`GpuBuddyGuard`] ensures that the lock is held for all
+/// allocator and free operations, preventing races between concurrent allocations
+/// and the freeing that occurs when [`AllocatedBlocks`] is dropped.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// The inner [`Opaque`] contains a valid, initialized buddy allocator.
+#[pin_data(PinnedDrop)]
+struct GpuBuddyInner {
+    #[pin]
+    inner: Opaque<bindings::gpu_buddy>,
+    // TODO: Replace `Mutex<()>` with `Mutex<Opaque<..>>` once `Mutex::new()`
+    // accepts `impl PinInit<T>`.
+    #[pin]
+    lock: Mutex<()>,
+    /// Base offset for all allocations (does not change after init).
+    base_offset: u64,
+    /// Cached chunk size (does not change after init).
+    chunk_size: u64,
+    /// Cached total size (does not change after init).
+    size: u64,
+}
+
+impl GpuBuddyInner {
+    /// Create a pin-initializer for the buddy allocator.
+    fn new(params: GpuBuddyParams) -> impl PinInit<Self, Error> {
+        let base_offset = params.base_offset_bytes;
+        let size = params.physical_memory_size_bytes;
+        let chunk_size = params.chunk_size_bytes;
+
+        try_pin_init!(Self {
+            inner <- Opaque::try_ffi_init(|ptr| {
+                // SAFETY: ptr points to valid uninitialized memory from the pin-init
+                // infrastructure. gpu_buddy_init will initialize the structure.
+                to_result(unsafe { bindings::gpu_buddy_init(ptr, size, chunk_size) })
+            }),
+            lock <- new_mutex!(()),
+            base_offset: base_offset,
+            chunk_size: chunk_size,
+            size: size,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Lock the mutex and return a guard for accessing the allocator.
+    fn lock(&self) -> GpuBuddyGuard<'_> {
+        GpuBuddyGuard {
+            inner: self,
+            _guard: self.lock.lock(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[pinned_drop]
+impl PinnedDrop for GpuBuddyInner {
+    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        let guard = self.lock();
+
+        // SAFETY: guard provides exclusive access to the allocator.
+        unsafe {
+            bindings::gpu_buddy_fini(guard.as_raw());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFETY: [`GpuBuddyInner`] can be sent between threads.
+unsafe impl Send for GpuBuddyInner {}
+
+// SAFETY: [`GpuBuddyInner`] is `Sync` because the internal [`GpuBuddyGuard`]
+// serializes all access to the C allocator, preventing data races.
+unsafe impl Sync for GpuBuddyInner {}
+
+/// Guard that proves the lock is held, enabling access to the allocator.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// The inner `_guard` holds the lock for the duration of this guard's lifetime.
+pub(crate) struct GpuBuddyGuard<'a> {
+    inner: &'a GpuBuddyInner,
+    _guard: MutexGuard<'a, ()>,
+}
+
+impl GpuBuddyGuard<'_> {
+    /// Get a raw pointer to the underlying C `gpu_buddy` structure.
+    fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::gpu_buddy {
+        self.inner.inner.get()
+    }
+}
+
+/// GPU buddy allocator instance.
+///
+/// This structure wraps the C `gpu_buddy` allocator using reference counting.
+/// The allocator is automatically cleaned up when all references are dropped.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// The inner [`Arc`] points to a valid, initialized GPU buddy allocator.
+pub struct GpuBuddy(Arc<GpuBuddyInner>);
+
+impl GpuBuddy {
+    /// Create a new buddy allocator.
+    ///
+    /// Creates a buddy allocator that manages a contiguous address space of the given
+    /// size, with the specified minimum allocation unit (chunk_size must be at least 4KB).
+    pub fn new(params: GpuBuddyParams) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self(Arc::pin_init(
+            GpuBuddyInner::new(params),
+            GFP_KERNEL,
+        )?))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the base offset for allocations.
+    pub fn base_offset(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0.base_offset
+    }
+
+    /// Get the chunk size (minimum allocation unit).
+    pub fn chunk_size(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0.chunk_size
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total managed size.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0.size
+    }
+
+    /// Get the available (free) memory in bytes.
+    pub fn free_memory_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        let guard = self.0.lock();
+        // SAFETY: guard provides exclusive access to the allocator.
+        unsafe { (*guard.as_raw()).avail }
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate blocks from the buddy allocator.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a pin-initializer for [`AllocatedBlocks`].
+    ///
+    /// Takes `&self` instead of `&mut self` because the internal [`Mutex`] provides
+    /// synchronization - no external `&mut` exclusivity needed.
+    pub fn alloc_blocks(
+        &self,
+        params: &GpuBuddyAllocParams,
+    ) -> impl PinInit<AllocatedBlocks, Error> {
+        let buddy_arc = Arc::clone(&self.0);
+        let start = params.start_range_address;
+        let end = params.end_range_address;
+        let size = params.size_bytes;
+        let min_block_size = params.min_block_size_bytes;
+        let flags = params.buddy_flags;
+
+        // Create pin-initializer that initializes list and allocates blocks.
+        try_pin_init!(AllocatedBlocks {
+            buddy: buddy_arc,
+            list <- CListHead::new(),
+            flags: flags,
+            _: {
+                // Lock while allocating to serialize with concurrent frees.
+                let guard = buddy.lock();
+
+                // SAFETY: `guard` provides exclusive access to the buddy allocator.
+                to_result(unsafe {
+                    bindings::gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(
+                        guard.as_raw(),
+                        start,
+                        end,
+                        size,
+                        min_block_size,
+                        list.as_raw(),
+                        flags.as_raw(),
+                    )
+                })?
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Allocated blocks from the buddy allocator with automatic cleanup.
+///
+/// This structure owns a list of allocated blocks and ensures they are
+/// automatically freed when dropped. Use `iter()` to iterate over all
+/// allocated [`Block`] structures.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// - `list` is an initialized, valid list head containing allocated blocks.
+/// - `buddy` references a valid [`GpuBuddyInner`].
+#[pin_data(PinnedDrop)]
+pub struct AllocatedBlocks {
+    #[pin]
+    list: CListHead,
+    buddy: Arc<GpuBuddyInner>,
+    flags: BuddyFlags,
+}
+
+impl AllocatedBlocks {
+    /// Check if the block list is empty.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        // An empty list head points to itself.
+        !self.list.is_linked()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over allocated blocks.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an iterator yielding [`AllocatedBlock`] references. The blocks
+    /// are only valid for the duration of the borrow of `self`.
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = AllocatedBlock<'_>> + '_ {
+        // SAFETY: list contains gpu_buddy_block items linked via __bindgen_anon_1.link.
+        let clist = unsafe {
+            clist_create!(
+                self.list.as_raw(),
+                Block,
+                bindings::gpu_buddy_block,
+                __bindgen_anon_1.link
+            )
+        };
+
+        clist
+            .iter()
+            .map(|block| AllocatedBlock { block, alloc: self })
+    }
+}
+
+#[pinned_drop]
+impl PinnedDrop for AllocatedBlocks {
+    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        let guard = self.buddy.lock();
+
+        // SAFETY:
+        // - list is valid per the type's invariants.
+        // - guard provides exclusive access to the allocator.
+        // CAST: BuddyFlags were validated to fit in u32 at construction.
+        unsafe {
+            bindings::gpu_buddy_free_list(
+                guard.as_raw(),
+                self.list.as_raw(),
+                self.flags.as_raw() as u32,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A GPU buddy block.
+///
+/// Transparent wrapper over C `gpu_buddy_block` structure. This type is returned
+/// as references from [`CListIter`] during iteration over [`AllocatedBlocks`].
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// The inner [`Opaque`] contains a valid, allocated `gpu_buddy_block`.
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct Block(Opaque<bindings::gpu_buddy_block>);
+
+impl Block {
+    /// Get a raw pointer to the underlying C block.
+    fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::gpu_buddy_block {
+        self.0.get()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the block's offset in the address space.
+    pub(crate) fn offset(&self) -> u64 {
+        // SAFETY: self.as_raw() is valid per the type's invariants.
+        unsafe { bindings::gpu_buddy_block_offset(self.as_raw()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the block order.
+    pub(crate) fn order(&self) -> u32 {
+        // SAFETY: self.as_raw() is valid per the type's invariants.
+        unsafe { bindings::gpu_buddy_block_order(self.as_raw()) }
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `Block` is a transparent wrapper over `gpu_buddy_block` which is not
+// modified after allocation. It can be safely sent between threads.
+unsafe impl Send for Block {}
+
+// SAFETY: `Block` is a transparent wrapper over `gpu_buddy_block` which is not
+// modified after allocation. It can be safely shared among threads.
+unsafe impl Sync for Block {}
+
+/// An allocated block with access to the allocation list.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// - `block` is a valid reference to an allocated [`Block`].
+/// - `alloc` is a valid reference to the [`AllocatedBlocks`] that owns this block.
+pub struct AllocatedBlock<'a> {
+    block: &'a Block,
+    alloc: &'a AllocatedBlocks,
+}
+
+impl AllocatedBlock<'_> {
+    /// Get the block's offset in the address space.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the absolute offset including the allocator's base offset.
+    /// This is the actual address to use for accessing the allocated memory.
+    pub fn offset(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.alloc.buddy.base_offset + self.block.offset()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the block order (size = chunk_size << order).
+    pub fn order(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.block.order()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the block's size in bytes.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.alloc.buddy.chunk_size << self.block.order()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs b/rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8f25e6367edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! GPU subsystem abstractions.
+
+pub mod buddy;
diff --git a/rust/kernel/lib.rs b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
index fe711d34ca1e..02ec5b9b22c8 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/lib.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
@@ -98,6 +98,8 @@
 pub mod firmware;
 pub mod fmt;
 pub mod fs;
+#[cfg(CONFIG_GPU_BUDDY)]
+pub mod gpu;
 #[cfg(CONFIG_I2C = "y")]
 pub mod i2c;
 pub mod id_pool;
-- 
2.34.1

Claude review: rust: gpu: Add GPU buddy allocator bindings

[Claude Code Review Bot]

Patch Review

> +pub struct BuddyFlags(usize);
> +
> +    pub fn try_new(flags: usize) -> Result<Self> {
> +        // Flags must not exceed u32::MAX to satisfy the GPU buddy allocator C API.
> +        if flags > u32::MAX as usize {
> +            return Err(EINVAL);
> +        }

The comment says "satisfy the GPU buddy allocator C API," but looking at the C API, `drm_buddy_alloc_blocks` takes `unsigned long flags` (which on 64-bit is 8 bytes, same as `usize`), while `drm_buddy_free_list` takes `unsigned int flags` (4 bytes). The validation to `u32::MAX` is actually only necessary for the free path. The alloc path could accept the full `unsigned long` range. This is not a bug since it is more restrictive, but the comment is somewhat inaccurate about why.

> +    pub fn alloc_blocks(
> +        &self,
> +        params: &GpuBuddyAllocParams,
> +    ) -> impl PinInit<AllocatedBlocks, Error> {
> +        ...
> +        try_pin_init!(AllocatedBlocks {
> +            buddy: buddy_arc,
> +            list <- CListHead::new(),
> +            flags: flags,
> +            _: {
> +                let guard = buddy.lock();
> +                to_result(unsafe {
> +                    bindings::gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(
> +                        guard.as_raw(),
> +                        start,
> +                        end,
> +                        size,
> +                        min_block_size,
> +                        list.as_raw(),
> +                        flags.as_raw(),
> +                    )
> +                })?
> +            }
> +        })
> +    }

The `try_pin_init!` pattern with `_:` initializer block is interesting - it runs the allocation after the list and buddy are already initialized. If `gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks` fails, the `try_pin_init!` should properly drop the already-initialized fields. The `list` will have `INIT_LIST_HEAD` called on it, and the `buddy` `Arc` clone will be dropped. This looks correct.

One concern: `flags.as_raw()` returns `usize`, but the C function `gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks` takes `unsigned long flags`. On 64-bit Linux, `usize` and `unsigned long` are both 64-bit, so this is fine. But for the free path:

> +#[pinned_drop]
> +impl PinnedDrop for AllocatedBlocks {
> +    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
> +        let guard = self.buddy.lock();
> +        unsafe {
> +            bindings::gpu_buddy_free_list(
> +                guard.as_raw(),
> +                self.list.as_raw(),
> +                self.flags.as_raw() as u32,
> +            );
> +        }
> +    }
> +}

The `as u32` cast is safe because `try_new()` validated flags fit in u32. No issue here.

> +impl AllocatedBlock<'_> {
> +    pub fn size(&self) -> u64 {
> +        self.alloc.buddy.chunk_size << self.block.order()
> +    }
> +}

This mirrors the C implementation `mm->chunk_size << drm_buddy_block_order(block)`. The `order()` returns `u32`. Shifting a `u64` left by a `u32` - if `order()` returned a value >= 64, this would be undefined behavior in C but would panic in Rust debug builds or produce 0 in release builds. However, since the buddy allocator constrains orders based on the address space size and chunk size, and `DRM_BUDDY_HEADER_ORDER` is masked to 6 bits (max 63), values above 63 should not occur in practice. For a 1GB allocator with 4KB chunk size, max order would be 18. This is not a real concern.

> +#[pinned_drop]
> +impl PinnedDrop for GpuBuddyInner {
> +    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
> +        let guard = self.lock();
> +        unsafe {
> +            bindings::gpu_buddy_fini(guard.as_raw());
> +        }
> +    }
> +}

This calls `lock()` on `self` inside `drop`. Since `drop` takes `Pin<&mut Self>`, and `lock()` takes `&self`, this works via auto-deref. The mutex lock is acquired to serialize with any concurrent `AllocatedBlocks` drops that might be running on other threads. However - if this is the last reference to the `Arc<GpuBuddyInner>` (which it must be, since `drop` is running), then no other thread can hold a reference, meaning there cannot be concurrent `AllocatedBlocks` drops. So the lock acquisition here is technically unnecessary but harmless - it provides defense-in-depth.

> +    fn lock(&self) -> GpuBuddyGuard<'_> {
> +        GpuBuddyGuard {
> +            inner: self,
> +            _guard: self.lock.lock(),
> +        }
> +    }

Wait - there is a potential issue here. The method is named `lock` and the field is also named `lock`. `self.lock` refers to the field (type `Mutex<()>`), and `self.lock.lock()` calls `Mutex::lock()` on that field. This is not ambiguous because Rust resolves method calls on the concrete type, but it is confusing to read. Not a bug, just a naming observation.

The `rust_helper_gpu_buddy_block_offset` helper takes `const struct gpu_buddy_block *block`, but the Rust `Block::offset()` method calls it with `self.as_raw()` which returns `*mut`. Passing `*mut` where `*const` is expected is fine in C (implicit conversion), and bindgen should handle this correctly. No issue.

Overall this is a solid set of bindings. The synchronization model is sound, the lifetimes are correctly constrained, and the cleanup paths are properly handled.

---
Generated by Claude Code Patch Reviewer

[PATCH -next v9 3/3] nova-core: mm: Select GPU_BUDDY for VRAM allocation

[Joel Fernandes]

nova-core will use the GPU buddy allocator for physical VRAM management.
Enable it in Kconfig.

Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@nvidia.com>
---
 drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig
index 527920f9c4d3..6513007bf66f 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig
+++ b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ config NOVA_CORE
 	depends on 64BIT
 	depends on PCI
 	depends on RUST
-	select RUST_FW_LOADER_ABSTRACTIONS
 	select AUXILIARY_BUS
+	select GPU_BUDDY
+	select RUST_FW_LOADER_ABSTRACTIONS
 	default n
 	help
 	  Choose this if you want to build the Nova Core driver for Nvidia
-- 
2.34.1

Re: [PATCH -next v9 3/3] nova-core: mm: Select GPU_BUDDY for VRAM allocation

[Danilo Krummrich]

On Wed Feb 11, 2026 at 12:32 AM CET, Joel Fernandes wrote:
> nova-core will use the GPU buddy allocator for physical VRAM management.
> Enable it in Kconfig.
>
> Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@nvidia.com>
> ---
>  drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig | 3 ++-
>  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig
> index 527920f9c4d3..6513007bf66f 100644
> --- a/drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig
> +++ b/drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig
> @@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ config NOVA_CORE
>  	depends on 64BIT
>  	depends on PCI
>  	depends on RUST
> -	select RUST_FW_LOADER_ABSTRACTIONS

I think moving this should be a separate patch.

>  	select AUXILIARY_BUS
> +	select GPU_BUDDY
> +	select RUST_FW_LOADER_ABSTRACTIONS
>  	default n
>  	help
>  	  Choose this if you want to build the Nova Core driver for Nvidia
> -- 
> 2.34.1

Claude review: nova-core: mm: Select GPU_BUDDY for VRAM allocation

[Claude Code Review Bot]

Patch Review

> -	select RUST_FW_LOADER_ABSTRACTIONS
>  	select AUXILIARY_BUS
> +	select GPU_BUDDY
> +	select RUST_FW_LOADER_ABSTRACTIONS

This patch adds `select GPU_BUDDY` and alphabetizes the `select` lines. As Danilo noted in his reply, the alphabetization of `RUST_FW_LOADER_ABSTRACTIONS` should be a separate patch from the functional change of adding `GPU_BUDDY`. The actual functional change (adding `select GPU_BUDDY`) is straightforward and correct - nova-core will use the buddy allocator so it needs the Kconfig dependency.

No other issues found. This is a trivial Kconfig change.

---
Generated by Claude Code Patch Reviewer

Claude review: rust: Add CList and GPU buddy allocator bindings

[Claude Code Review Bot]

Overall Series Review

Subject: rust: Add CList and GPU buddy allocator bindings
Author: Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@nvidia.com>
Patches: 4
Reviewed: 2026-02-11T16:13:42.504972

---



---
Generated by Claude Code Patch Reviewer

Re: [PATCH -next v9 0/3] rust: Add CList and GPU buddy allocator bindings

[Danilo Krummrich]

On Wed Feb 11, 2026 at 12:32 AM CET, Joel Fernandes wrote:
> Link to v8: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260209214246.2783990-1-joelagnelf@nvidia.com/
> Link to v7: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260206004110.1914814-1-joelagnelf@nvidia.com/

I already asked about this in [1], can you please add a changlog to your series?

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/DG0MRL6T7ACW.25G3GLJMP7PN1@kernel.org/

Re: [PATCH -next v9 0/3] rust: Add CList and GPU buddy allocator bindings

[Joel Fernandes]

On 2/11/2026 4:19 AM, Danilo Krummrich wrote:
> On Wed Feb 11, 2026 at 12:32 AM CET, Joel Fernandes wrote:
>> Link to v8: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260209214246.2783990-1-joelagnelf@nvidia.com/
>> Link to v7: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260206004110.1914814-1-joelagnelf@nvidia.com/
> 
> I already asked about this in [1], can you please add a changlog to your series?

Sure, I will do that. My bad. (I did include good cover-letters in earlier
series, but missed on this one). Thanks for pointing it out.

--
Joel Fernandes

[PATCH -next v8 0/3] rust: Add CList and GPU buddy allocator bindings

[Joel Fernandes]

Changes from v7 to v8:

his series provides Rust infrastructure needed for nova-core memory management.
CList module for interfacing with linked lists, GPU buddy allocator bindings
for physical memory management in nova-core and nova-core Kconfig change to
select GPU_BUDDY.

The clist patch (patch 1) is independent and go through any tree. The other 2
patches depend on the DRM buddy code movement patch as a prerequisite, a
version of which is now in drm-misc-next:
https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260206003451.1914130-1-joelagnelf@nvidia.com/

Based on linux-next.

v7->v8:
Various changes suggested by Danilo, Gary, Daniel. Added tags.
Link to v7: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260206004110.1914814-1-joelagnelf@nvidia.com/

Joel Fernandes (3):
  rust: clist: Add support to interface with C linked lists
  rust: gpu: Add GPU buddy allocator bindings
  nova-core: mm: Select GPU_BUDDY for VRAM allocation

 MAINTAINERS                     |   7 +
 drivers/gpu/nova-core/Kconfig   |   1 +
 rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h |  11 +
 rust/helpers/gpu.c              |  23 ++
 rust/helpers/helpers.c          |   2 +
 rust/helpers/list.c             |  17 +
 rust/kernel/clist.rs            | 320 +++++++++++++++++++
 rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs        | 530 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs          |   5 +
 rust/kernel/lib.rs              |   3 +
 10 files changed, 919 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/gpu.c
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/list.c
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/clist.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs

-- 
2.34.1

[PATCH -next v8 2/3] rust: gpu: Add GPU buddy allocator bindings

[Joel Fernandes]

Add safe Rust abstractions over the Linux kernel's GPU buddy
allocator for physical memory management. The GPU buddy allocator
implements a binary buddy system useful for GPU physical memory
allocation. nova-core will use it for physical memory allocation.

Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes <joelagnelf@nvidia.com>
---
 rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h |  11 +
 rust/helpers/gpu.c              |  23 ++
 rust/helpers/helpers.c          |   1 +
 rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs        | 530 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs          |   5 +
 rust/kernel/lib.rs              |   2 +
 6 files changed, 572 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/gpu.c
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs

diff --git a/rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h b/rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h
index 083cc44aa952..dbb765a9fdbd 100644
--- a/rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h
+++ b/rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <linux/hrtimer_types.h>
 
 #include <linux/acpi.h>
+#include <linux/gpu_buddy.h>
 #include <drm/drm_device.h>
 #include <drm/drm_drv.h>
 #include <drm/drm_file.h>
@@ -146,6 +147,16 @@ const vm_flags_t RUST_CONST_HELPER_VM_MIXEDMAP = VM_MIXEDMAP;
 const vm_flags_t RUST_CONST_HELPER_VM_HUGEPAGE = VM_HUGEPAGE;
 const vm_flags_t RUST_CONST_HELPER_VM_NOHUGEPAGE = VM_NOHUGEPAGE;
 
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_GPU_BUDDY)
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION = GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION = GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION =
+								GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION = GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED = GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED;
+const unsigned long RUST_CONST_HELPER_GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE = GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE;
+#endif
+
 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ANDROID_BINDER_IPC_RUST)
 #include "../../drivers/android/binder/rust_binder.h"
 #include "../../drivers/android/binder/rust_binder_events.h"
diff --git a/rust/helpers/gpu.c b/rust/helpers/gpu.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..38b1a4e6bef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/helpers/gpu.c
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+#include <linux/gpu_buddy.h>
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_GPU_BUDDY
+
+__rust_helper u64 rust_helper_gpu_buddy_block_offset(const struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+	return gpu_buddy_block_offset(block);
+}
+
+__rust_helper unsigned int rust_helper_gpu_buddy_block_order(struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+	return gpu_buddy_block_order(block);
+}
+
+__rust_helper u64 rust_helper_gpu_buddy_block_size(struct gpu_buddy *mm,
+						   struct gpu_buddy_block *block)
+{
+	return gpu_buddy_block_size(mm, block);
+}
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_GPU_BUDDY */
diff --git a/rust/helpers/helpers.c b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
index 724fcb8240ac..a53929ce52a3 100644
--- a/rust/helpers/helpers.c
+++ b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "err.c"
 #include "irq.c"
 #include "fs.c"
+#include "gpu.c"
 #include "io.c"
 #include "jump_label.c"
 #include "kunit.c"
diff --git a/rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs b/rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..00290ce53aeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/kernel/gpu/buddy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! GPU buddy allocator bindings.
+//!
+//! C header: [`include/linux/gpu_buddy.h`](srctree/include/linux/gpu_buddy.h)
+//!
+//! This module provides Rust abstractions over the Linux kernel's GPU buddy
+//! allocator, which implements a binary buddy memory allocator.
+//!
+//! The buddy allocator manages a contiguous address space and allocates blocks
+//! in power-of-two sizes, useful for GPU physical memory management.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use kernel::{
+//!     gpu::buddy::{BuddyFlags, GpuBuddy, GpuBuddyAllocParams, GpuBuddyParams},
+//!     prelude::*,
+//!     sizes::*, //
+//! };
+//!
+//! // Create a 1GB buddy allocator with 4KB minimum chunk size.
+//! let buddy = GpuBuddy::new(&GpuBuddyParams {
+//!     base_offset_bytes: 0,
+//!     physical_memory_size_bytes: SZ_1G as u64,
+//!     chunk_size_bytes: SZ_4K as u64,
+//! })?;
+//!
+//! // Verify initial state.
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.size(), SZ_1G as u64);
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.chunk_size(), SZ_4K as u64);
+//! let initial_free = buddy.free_memory_bytes();
+//!
+//! // Base allocation params - mutated between calls for field overrides.
+//! let mut params = GpuBuddyAllocParams {
+//!     start_range_address: 0,
+//!     end_range_address: 0,   // Entire range.
+//!     size_bytes: SZ_16M as u64,
+//!     min_block_size_bytes: SZ_16M as u64,
+//!     buddy_flags: BuddyFlags::try_new(BuddyFlags::RANGE_ALLOCATION)?,
+//! };
+//!
+//! // Test top-down allocation (allocates from highest addresses).
+//! params.buddy_flags = BuddyFlags::try_new(BuddyFlags::TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION)?;
+//! let topdown = buddy.alloc_blocks(&params)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - SZ_16M as u64);
+//!
+//! for block in topdown.iter() {
+//!     assert_eq!(block.offset(), (SZ_1G - SZ_16M) as u64);
+//!     assert_eq!(block.order(), 12); // 2^12 pages
+//!     assert_eq!(block.size(), SZ_16M as u64);
+//! }
+//! drop(topdown);
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free);
+//!
+//! // Allocate 16MB - should result in a single 16MB block at offset 0.
+//! params.buddy_flags = BuddyFlags::try_new(BuddyFlags::RANGE_ALLOCATION)?;
+//! let allocated = buddy.alloc_blocks(&params)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - SZ_16M as u64);
+//!
+//! for block in allocated.iter() {
+//!     assert_eq!(block.offset(), 0);
+//!     assert_eq!(block.order(), 12); // 2^12 pages
+//!     assert_eq!(block.size(), SZ_16M as u64);
+//! }
+//! drop(allocated);
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free);
+//!
+//! // Test non-contiguous allocation with fragmented memory.
+//! // Create fragmentation by allocating 4MB blocks at [0,4M) and [8M,12M).
+//! params.end_range_address = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! params.size_bytes = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! params.min_block_size_bytes = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! let frag1 = buddy.alloc_blocks(&params)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - SZ_4M as u64);
+//!
+//! params.start_range_address = SZ_8M as u64;
+//! params.end_range_address = (SZ_8M + SZ_4M) as u64;
+//! let frag2 = buddy.alloc_blocks(&params)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - SZ_8M as u64);
+//!
+//! // Allocate 8MB without CONTIGUOUS - should return 2 blocks from the holes.
+//! params.start_range_address = 0;
+//! params.end_range_address = SZ_16M as u64;
+//! params.size_bytes = SZ_8M as u64;
+//! let fragmented = buddy.alloc_blocks(&params)?;
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free - (SZ_16M) as u64);
+//!
+//! let (mut count, mut total) = (0u32, 0u64);
+//! for block in fragmented.iter() {
+//!     // The 8MB allocation should return 2 blocks, each 4MB.
+//!     assert_eq!(block.size(), SZ_4M as u64);
+//!     total += block.size();
+//!     count += 1;
+//! }
+//! assert_eq!(total, SZ_8M as u64);
+//! assert_eq!(count, 2);
+//! drop(fragmented);
+//! drop(frag2);
+//! drop(frag1);
+//! assert_eq!(buddy.free_memory_bytes(), initial_free);
+//!
+//! // Test CONTIGUOUS failure when only fragmented space available.
+//! // Create a small buddy allocator with only 16MB of memory.
+//! let small = GpuBuddy::new(&GpuBuddyParams {
+//!     base_offset_bytes: 0,
+//!     physical_memory_size_bytes: SZ_16M as u64,
+//!     chunk_size_bytes: SZ_4K as u64,
+//! })?;
+//!
+//! // Allocate 4MB blocks at [0,4M) and [8M,12M) to create fragmented memory.
+//! params.start_range_address = 0;
+//! params.end_range_address = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! params.size_bytes = SZ_4M as u64;
+//! let hole1 = small.alloc_blocks(&params)?;
+//!
+//! params.start_range_address = SZ_8M as u64;
+//! params.end_range_address = (SZ_8M + SZ_4M) as u64;
+//! let hole2 = small.alloc_blocks(&params)?;
+//!
+//! // 8MB contiguous should fail - only two non-contiguous 4MB holes exist.
+//! params.start_range_address = 0;
+//! params.end_range_address = 0;
+//! params.size_bytes = SZ_8M as u64;
+//! params.buddy_flags = BuddyFlags::try_new(BuddyFlags::CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION)?;
+//! let result = small.alloc_blocks(&params);
+//! assert!(result.is_err());
+//! drop(hole2);
+//! drop(hole1);
+//!
+//! # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+//! ```
+
+use crate::{
+    bindings,
+    clist::CListHead,
+    clist_create,
+    error::to_result,
+    new_mutex,
+    prelude::*,
+    sync::{
+        lock::mutex::MutexGuard,
+        Arc,
+        Mutex, //
+    },
+    types::Opaque,
+};
+
+/// Flags for GPU buddy allocator operations.
+///
+/// These flags control the allocation behavior of the buddy allocator.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BuddyFlags(usize);
+
+impl BuddyFlags {
+    /// Range-based allocation from start to end addresses.
+    pub const RANGE_ALLOCATION: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_RANGE_ALLOCATION;
+
+    /// Allocate from top of address space downward.
+    pub const TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION;
+
+    /// Allocate physically contiguous blocks.
+    pub const CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_CONTIGUOUS_ALLOCATION;
+
+    /// Request allocation from the cleared (zeroed) memory. The zero'ing is not
+    /// done by the allocator, but by the caller before freeing old blocks.
+    pub const CLEAR_ALLOCATION: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_CLEAR_ALLOCATION;
+
+    /// Disable trimming of partially used blocks.
+    pub const TRIM_DISABLE: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_TRIM_DISABLE;
+
+    /// Mark blocks as cleared (zeroed) when freeing. When set during free,
+    /// indicates that the caller has already zeroed the memory.
+    pub const CLEARED: usize = bindings::GPU_BUDDY_CLEARED;
+
+    /// Create [`BuddyFlags`] from a raw value with validation.
+    ///
+    /// Use `|` operator to combine flags if needed, before calling this method.
+    pub fn try_new(flags: usize) -> Result<Self> {
+        // Flags must not exceed u32::MAX to satisfy the GPU buddy allocator C API.
+        if flags > u32::MAX as usize {
+            return Err(EINVAL);
+        }
+
+        // `TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION` only works without `RANGE_ALLOCATION`. When both are
+        // set, `TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION` is silently ignored by the allocator. Reject this.
+        if (flags & Self::RANGE_ALLOCATION) != 0 && (flags & Self::TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION) != 0 {
+            return Err(EINVAL);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self(flags))
+    }
+
+    /// Get raw value of the flags.
+    pub(crate) fn as_raw(self) -> usize {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parameters for creating a GPU buddy allocator.
+pub struct GpuBuddyParams {
+    /// Base offset in bytes where the managed memory region starts.
+    /// Allocations will be offset by this value.
+    pub base_offset_bytes: u64,
+    /// Total physical memory size managed by the allocator in bytes.
+    pub physical_memory_size_bytes: u64,
+    /// Minimum allocation unit / chunk size in bytes, must be >= 4KB.
+    pub chunk_size_bytes: u64,
+}
+
+/// Parameters for allocating blocks from a GPU buddy allocator.
+pub struct GpuBuddyAllocParams {
+    /// Start of allocation range in bytes. Use 0 for beginning.
+    pub start_range_address: u64,
+    /// End of allocation range in bytes. Use 0 for entire range.
+    pub end_range_address: u64,
+    /// Total size to allocate in bytes.
+    pub size_bytes: u64,
+    /// Minimum block size for fragmented allocations in bytes.
+    pub min_block_size_bytes: u64,
+    /// Buddy allocator behavior flags.
+    pub buddy_flags: BuddyFlags,
+}
+
+/// Inner structure holding the actual buddy allocator.
+///
+/// # Synchronization
+///
+/// The C `gpu_buddy` API requires synchronization (see `include/linux/gpu_buddy.h`).
+/// The internal [`GpuBuddyGuard`] ensures that the lock is held for all
+/// allocator and free operations, preventing races between concurrent allocations
+/// and the freeing that occurs when [`AllocatedBlocks`] is dropped.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// The inner [`Opaque`] contains a valid, initialized buddy allocator.
+#[pin_data(PinnedDrop)]
+struct GpuBuddyInner {
+    #[pin]
+    inner: Opaque<bindings::gpu_buddy>,
+    #[pin]
+    lock: Mutex<()>,
+    /// Base offset for all allocations (does not change after init).
+    base_offset: u64,
+    /// Cached chunk size (does not change after init).
+    chunk_size: u64,
+    /// Cached total size (does not change after init).
+    size: u64,
+}
+
+impl GpuBuddyInner {
+    /// Create a pin-initializer for the buddy allocator.
+    fn new(params: &GpuBuddyParams) -> impl PinInit<Self, Error> {
+        let base_offset = params.base_offset_bytes;
+        let size = params.physical_memory_size_bytes;
+        let chunk_size = params.chunk_size_bytes;
+
+        try_pin_init!(Self {
+            inner <- Opaque::try_ffi_init(|ptr| {
+                // SAFETY: ptr points to valid uninitialized memory from the pin-init
+                // infrastructure. gpu_buddy_init will initialize the structure.
+                to_result(unsafe { bindings::gpu_buddy_init(ptr, size, chunk_size) })
+            }),
+            lock <- new_mutex!(()),
+            base_offset: base_offset,
+            chunk_size: chunk_size,
+            size: size,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Lock the mutex and return a guard for accessing the allocator.
+    fn lock(&self) -> GpuBuddyGuard<'_> {
+        GpuBuddyGuard {
+            inner: self,
+            _guard: self.lock.lock(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[pinned_drop]
+impl PinnedDrop for GpuBuddyInner {
+    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        let guard = self.lock();
+
+        // SAFETY: guard provides exclusive access to the allocator.
+        unsafe {
+            bindings::gpu_buddy_fini(guard.as_raw());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFETY: [`GpuBuddyInner`] can be sent between threads.
+unsafe impl Send for GpuBuddyInner {}
+
+// SAFETY: [`GpuBuddyInner`] is `Sync` because the internal [`GpuBuddyGuard`]
+// serializes all access to the C allocator, preventing data races.
+unsafe impl Sync for GpuBuddyInner {}
+
+/// Guard that proves the lock is held, enabling access to the allocator.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// The inner `_guard` holds the lock for the duration of this guard's lifetime.
+pub(crate) struct GpuBuddyGuard<'a> {
+    inner: &'a GpuBuddyInner,
+    _guard: MutexGuard<'a, ()>,
+}
+
+impl GpuBuddyGuard<'_> {
+    /// Get a raw pointer to the underlying C `gpu_buddy` structure.
+    fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::gpu_buddy {
+        self.inner.inner.get()
+    }
+}
+
+/// GPU buddy allocator instance.
+///
+/// This structure wraps the C `gpu_buddy` allocator using reference counting.
+/// The allocator is automatically cleaned up when all references are dropped.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// The inner [`Arc`] points to a valid, initialized GPU buddy allocator.
+pub struct GpuBuddy(Arc<GpuBuddyInner>);
+
+impl GpuBuddy {
+    /// Create a new buddy allocator.
+    ///
+    /// Creates a buddy allocator that manages a contiguous address space of the given
+    /// size, with the specified minimum allocation unit (chunk_size must be at least 4KB).
+    pub fn new(params: &GpuBuddyParams) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self(Arc::pin_init(
+            GpuBuddyInner::new(params),
+            GFP_KERNEL,
+        )?))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the base offset for allocations.
+    pub fn base_offset(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0.base_offset
+    }
+
+    /// Get the chunk size (minimum allocation unit).
+    pub fn chunk_size(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0.chunk_size
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total managed size.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.0.size
+    }
+
+    /// Get the available (free) memory in bytes.
+    pub fn free_memory_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        let guard = self.0.lock();
+        // SAFETY: guard provides exclusive access to the allocator.
+        unsafe { (*guard.as_raw()).avail }
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate blocks from the buddy allocator.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an [`Arc<AllocatedBlocks>`] structure that owns the allocated blocks
+    /// and automatically frees them when all references are dropped.
+    ///
+    /// Takes `&self` instead of `&mut self` because the internal [`Mutex`] provides
+    /// synchronization - no external `&mut` exclusivity needed.
+    pub fn alloc_blocks(&self, params: &GpuBuddyAllocParams) -> Result<Arc<AllocatedBlocks>> {
+        let buddy_arc = Arc::clone(&self.0);
+
+        // Create pin-initializer that initializes list and allocates blocks.
+        let init = try_pin_init!(AllocatedBlocks {
+            buddy: Arc::clone(&buddy_arc),
+            list <- CListHead::new(),
+            flags: params.buddy_flags,
+            _: {
+                // Lock while allocating to serialize with concurrent frees.
+                let guard = buddy.lock();
+
+                // SAFETY: `guard` provides exclusive access to the buddy allocator.
+                to_result(unsafe {
+                    bindings::gpu_buddy_alloc_blocks(
+                        guard.as_raw(),
+                        params.start_range_address,
+                        params.end_range_address,
+                        params.size_bytes,
+                        params.min_block_size_bytes,
+                        list.as_raw(),
+                        params.buddy_flags.as_raw(),
+                    )
+                })?
+            }
+        });
+
+        Arc::pin_init(init, GFP_KERNEL)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Allocated blocks from the buddy allocator with automatic cleanup.
+///
+/// This structure owns a list of allocated blocks and ensures they are
+/// automatically freed when dropped. Use `iter()` to iterate over all
+/// allocated [`Block`] structures.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// - `list` is an initialized, valid list head containing allocated blocks.
+/// - `buddy` references a valid [`GpuBuddyInner`].
+#[pin_data(PinnedDrop)]
+pub struct AllocatedBlocks {
+    #[pin]
+    list: CListHead,
+    buddy: Arc<GpuBuddyInner>,
+    flags: BuddyFlags,
+}
+
+impl AllocatedBlocks {
+    /// Check if the block list is empty.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        // An empty list head points to itself.
+        !self.list.is_linked()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over allocated blocks.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an iterator yielding [`AllocatedBlock`] references. The blocks
+    /// are only valid for the duration of the borrow of `self`.
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = AllocatedBlock<'_>> + '_ {
+        // SAFETY: list contains gpu_buddy_block items linked via __bindgen_anon_1.link.
+        let clist = unsafe {
+            clist_create!(
+                self.list.as_raw(),
+                Block,
+                bindings::gpu_buddy_block,
+                __bindgen_anon_1.link
+            )
+        };
+
+        clist
+            .iter()
+            .map(|block| AllocatedBlock { block, alloc: self })
+    }
+}
+
+#[pinned_drop]
+impl PinnedDrop for AllocatedBlocks {
+    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        let guard = self.buddy.lock();
+
+        // SAFETY:
+        // - list is valid per the type's invariants.
+        // - guard provides exclusive access to the allocator.
+        // CAST: BuddyFlags were validated to fit in u32 at construction.
+        unsafe {
+            bindings::gpu_buddy_free_list(
+                guard.as_raw(),
+                self.list.as_raw(),
+                self.flags.as_raw() as u32,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A GPU buddy block.
+///
+/// Transparent wrapper over C `gpu_buddy_block` structure. This type is returned
+/// as references from [`CListIter`] during iteration over [`AllocatedBlocks`].
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// The inner [`Opaque`] contains a valid, allocated `gpu_buddy_block`.
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct Block(Opaque<bindings::gpu_buddy_block>);
+
+impl Block {
+    /// Get a raw pointer to the underlying C block.
+    fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::gpu_buddy_block {
+        self.0.get()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the block's offset in the address space.
+    pub(crate) fn offset(&self) -> u64 {
+        // SAFETY: self.as_raw() is valid per the type's invariants.
+        unsafe { bindings::gpu_buddy_block_offset(self.as_raw()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the block order.
+    pub(crate) fn order(&self) -> u32 {
+        // SAFETY: self.as_raw() is valid per the type's invariants.
+        unsafe { bindings::gpu_buddy_block_order(self.as_raw()) }
+    }
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `Block` is a transparent wrapper over `gpu_buddy_block` which is not
+// modified after allocation. It can be safely sent between threads.
+unsafe impl Send for Block {}
+
+// SAFETY: `Block` is a transparent wrapper over `gpu_buddy_block` which is not
+// modified after allocation. It can be safely shared among threads.
+unsafe impl Sync for Block {}
+
+/// An allocated block with access to the allocation list.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// - `block` is a valid reference to an allocated [`Block`].
+/// - `alloc` is a valid reference to the [`AllocatedBlocks`] that owns this block.
+pub struct AllocatedBlock<'a> {
+    block: &'a Block,
+    alloc: &'a AllocatedBlocks,
+}
+
+impl AllocatedBlock<'_> {
+    /// Get the block's offset in the address space.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the absolute offset including the allocator's base offset.
+    /// This is the actual address to use for accessing the allocated memory.
+    pub fn offset(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.alloc.buddy.base_offset + self.block.offset()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the block order (size = chunk_size << order).
+    pub fn order(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.block.order()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the block's size in bytes.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.alloc.buddy.chunk_size << self.block.order()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs b/rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8f25e6367edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/kernel/gpu/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! GPU subsystem abstractions.
+
+pub mod buddy;
diff --git a/rust/kernel/lib.rs b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
index fe711d34ca1e..02ec5b9b22c8 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/lib.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/lib.rs
@@ -98,6 +98,8 @@
 pub mod firmware;
 pub mod fmt;
 pub mod fs;
+#[cfg(CONFIG_GPU_BUDDY)]
+pub mod gpu;
 #[cfg(CONFIG_I2C = "y")]
 pub mod i2c;
 pub mod id_pool;
-- 
2.34.1

Claude review: rust: gpu: Add GPU buddy allocator bindings

[Claude Code Review Bot]

Patch Review

**Critical API Design Issue - Arc Return Type:**
```rust
+    pub fn alloc_blocks(&self, params: &GpuBuddyAllocParams) -> Result<Arc<AllocatedBlocks>> {
```

**Problem:** Forcing `Arc<AllocatedBlocks>` prevents drivers from embedding allocation metadata in larger structures, requiring two allocations where one should suffice (identified by Danilo Krummrich, acknowledged by author).

**Recommendation:** Change to:
```rust
pub fn alloc_blocks(&self, params: &GpuBuddyAllocParams) -> impl PinInit<AllocatedBlocks, Error>
```

This allows drivers to choose their container (Box, Arc, or embedded).

**Parameter Passing Pattern:**
```rust
+    fn new(params: &GpuBuddyParams) -> impl PinInit<Self, Error> {
```

**Problem:** `GpuBuddyParams` is constructed inline and never reused in examples. Passing by reference is unnecessarily restrictive.

**Recommendation:** Pass by value for better ownership semantics:
```rust
fn new(params: GpuBuddyParams) -> impl PinInit<Self, Error>
```

**Mutex Placement Question:**
```rust
+#[pin_data(PinnedDrop)]
+struct GpuBuddyInner {
+    #[pin]
+    inner: Opaque<bindings::gpu_buddy>,
+    #[pin]
+    lock: Mutex<()>,
```

**Question:** Why isn't the mutex wrapping the `Opaque<gpu_buddy>` instead of being a sibling? Author confirms it's because `Mutex` doesn't take `impl PinInit`.

**Recommendation:** Add TODO comment:
```rust
/// TODO: Ideally `lock` should wrap `inner` as `Mutex<Opaque<bindings::gpu_buddy>>`,
/// but `Mutex::new()` doesn't accept `impl PinInit` yet.
lock: Mutex<()>,
```

**Excellent Flags Validation:**
```rust
+        // `TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION` only works without `RANGE_ALLOCATION`. When both are
+        // set, `TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION` is silently ignored by the allocator. Reject this.
+        if (flags & Self::RANGE_ALLOCATION) != 0 && (flags & Self::TOPDOWN_ALLOCATION) != 0 {
+            return Err(EINVAL);
+        }
```

**Assessment:** This is exactly the kind of safety improvement Rust bindings should provide - catching incompatible combinations the C API would silently ignore.

**Synchronization Correctness:**
```rust
+    fn lock(&self) -> GpuBuddyGuard<'_> {
+        GpuBuddyGuard {
+            inner: self,
+            _guard: self.lock.lock(),
+        }
+    }
```
Guard pattern correctly ensures mutex is held for all C allocator access.

**Cleanup Correctness:**
```rust
+#[pinned_drop]
+impl PinnedDrop for AllocatedBlocks {
+    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        let guard = self.buddy.lock();
+        unsafe {
+            bindings::gpu_buddy_free_list(
+                guard.as_raw(),
+                self.list.as_raw(),
+                self.flags.as_raw() as u32,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
```
Correct - lock held during free, cast safe due to validation in `try_new()`.

**Verdict:** Core implementation is sound, but needs API design changes (return type, parameter passing) acknowledged by author.

---

---
Generated by Claude Code Patch Reviewer